The timely preparation of silage with green corn stalks, pastures, various weeds, and wild vegetables not only provides rich nutrients for livestock, but also saves costs and improves the efficiency of farming. The following describes the silage production technology.
First, the source of raw materials. Silage has a wide range of raw materials, such as general grass crops and pastures (such as corn, sorghum, oats), leguminous crops (such as alfalfa), vegetable and fruit melons, root and tuber feed, aquatic feed, weeds, wild vegetables, leaves, and agricultural products. By-products can be made of silage.
Second, the required equipment. There are many kinds of silage equipment, such as silage towers, silo (circular, rectangular), silage (underground, semi-subterranean, above ground), silage bags, silage and so on. All localities can choose one form according to different conditions according to local conditions. Underground or semi-underground equipment should be used in areas with low groundwater level and cold winter conditions. Construction method: The first is site selection, pay attention to the place where the soil quality is hard, drainage is good, high dry, close to the barn, away from water and dung pits. Followed by the selection of materials, available masonry, concrete construction, plastic film can also be used, but also to dig simple crypts, but also local materials (such as idle pool). Finally, the size of the equipment is calculated. Taking the size of the herd and the volume of silage required each year to determine the volume, for example, each cow usually needs 10,000 kilograms of silage each year (a total of 2,500 kilograms of sheep). The total amount of silage (kg) is equal to the number of heads multiplied by 10,000, and the volume x is calculated. x equals the total amount of silage divided by the silage weight per cubic meter (usually 400-750 kg/m3). Based on this volume, the equipment is further determined. The length, width, height, diameter, etc. The volume of the circular device is equal to 3.14 times the square of the radius multiplied by the height, and the length of the long device is equal to the length multiplied by the width (the median of the upper and lower widths) multiplied by the height. The diameter of the circular cellar should be calculated according to the amount of silage fed every day, generally 50-90 cm. The depth or height is determined by the length of time the silage is fed, but the general height is not less than 2 times the diameter, and it should not be larger than the diameter. 3.5 times.
Third, the production steps 1, the appropriate cut. Appropriate cutting can improve the silage production and nutrient content. Generally, the ear of corn silage is suitable for wax ripening to yellow ripening stage. The earless silage is suitable for most green leaves, the sorghum silage is suitable for wax ripening period, and the legume forage is suitable. To flowering period is appropriate, sweet potato vines before the frost is appropriate.
2, adjust the moisture content. The suitable moisture content is about 70%. The moisture content of the raw materials that are directly silaged after cutting is high (75-80%). Hay, straw, etc. can be added to reduce the moisture content. When water content is too low, water can be added (15 kg water/water). 100 kg of straw) or mixed with fresh greenish ingredients. Moisture measurement can crush the crushed raw materials into a group. If the grass group does not spread but there is little exudate, the moisture content is about 70-75%; if the grass group spreads slowly and no juice oozes out, the moisture About 60-70%; if the grass quickly spread, the moisture is less than 60%.
3, chopped. Raw materials must be chopped and chopped to facilitate compaction. At the same time, oozing of sap can promote the propagation of lactic acid bacteria. Considering rumination, it should not be too short, and it should not exceed 1.5 cm. Generally, the length of semi-dry forage silage is 0.65 cm, and the length of corn silage is 0.65. -1.3 cm. When the silage is rough, it should be cut short. When it is soft, it should be slightly longer.
4, filling and compaction. After the equipment is inspected, a 15 cm thick cleaning mat or grass powder with strong water absorption is laid on the bottom of the pit. Silage raw materials should be packed and stored along with chopping. The speed of cellaring should be faster. Raw materials should not be stored outside the cellar for long periods of time, in the sun or in the rain. At the same time, be careful not to mix clods, feces, nails and other foreign objects. Attention should be paid to compaction, compaction once every 0.5 meters or so, in particular, pay attention to the cellar around the edges and pits, long cellar in the agricultural machinery leakage pressure or pressure less than the place, we must master stepping on solid. After filling, the raw material should be about 1 meter higher than the cellar. The compaction is to discharge the air. The compaction is the key to the success or failure of silage. The raw material loading is more tight and the silage quality is better.
5, sealed. After the filling is completed, it shall be sealed and buried immediately. First, the plastic film shall be tightly closed, and then the soil shall be covered (30-50 cm thick). Finally, the heavy objects such as used tires and slate shall be pressed to make them airtight and watertight. The cellar roof should be in the shape of a hoe or ridge for drainage. If the delay is blocked, silage quality will be poor.
6, management protection. After the silo has been well sealed, precautions should be taken to prevent rainwater from seeping in. Rainy areas should be sheltered from rain in the pits. If there is a crack in the pit, it should be immediately covered with soil and compacted. It is also necessary to guard against rodents and prevent animal trampling.
Fourth, feeding methods. Silage is a high-quality, juicy feed that is eaten by livestock after a period of adaptation. At the beginning, training feeding is required. When fasting, the silage is fed first. Feeding silage at the beginning is less and gradually increasing, and then feed the fodder or mix the silage with fodder. The amount of feed should consider species, age, physiological status, feed type, etc. For cattle, corn silage can be fed more (5 kg/100 kg body weight). Gramine silage is centered (4 kg/100 kg body weight) and legume silage can be fed less (3 kg/100 kg body weight). Note that the silage should not be stored in the barn, otherwise it will affect the taste of milk.
Fifth, open the cell picking. Silage can be opened in the cellar after 40-60 days of cellar sealing. Before the cellar is opened, the cell top cover soil should be cleared first, and the round cellar should be taken from top to bottom layer by layer. The long cellar should be started from one end, and the cover soil can be cleared first. After the material is taken, it is cleaned and taken again. After opening the cellar, pay attention to drainage and identification quality. The picking should be followed by feeding, and the feeding should be done on the same day. Do not feed it for a few days. The picking surface should be smooth and the area should be as narrow as possible, but it must also be avoided. The daily reclaiming schedule shall be no less than 15 cm. After the plastic sheeting is removed, the surrounding material shall be removed. If the feeding is stopped halfway, the interval time is longer. The sealing method must be sealed according to the original method.
Sixth, quality assessment. (1) Superior silage. Yellow-green, green, sour, aromatic, soft, slightly moist. (2) Medium silage. Yellow-brown, dark green, medium or less sour, aromatic and slightly alcoholic or butyric, slightly softer or slightly more moist. (3) inferior silage. Black, brown, little sour, odor, dry loose or sticky, not feeding, to prevent livestock poisoning. (
First, the source of raw materials. Silage has a wide range of raw materials, such as general grass crops and pastures (such as corn, sorghum, oats), leguminous crops (such as alfalfa), vegetable and fruit melons, root and tuber feed, aquatic feed, weeds, wild vegetables, leaves, and agricultural products. By-products can be made of silage.
Second, the required equipment. There are many kinds of silage equipment, such as silage towers, silo (circular, rectangular), silage (underground, semi-subterranean, above ground), silage bags, silage and so on. All localities can choose one form according to different conditions according to local conditions. Underground or semi-underground equipment should be used in areas with low groundwater level and cold winter conditions. Construction method: The first is site selection, pay attention to the place where the soil quality is hard, drainage is good, high dry, close to the barn, away from water and dung pits. Followed by the selection of materials, available masonry, concrete construction, plastic film can also be used, but also to dig simple crypts, but also local materials (such as idle pool). Finally, the size of the equipment is calculated. Taking the size of the herd and the volume of silage required each year to determine the volume, for example, each cow usually needs 10,000 kilograms of silage each year (a total of 2,500 kilograms of sheep). The total amount of silage (kg) is equal to the number of heads multiplied by 10,000, and the volume x is calculated. x equals the total amount of silage divided by the silage weight per cubic meter (usually 400-750 kg/m3). Based on this volume, the equipment is further determined. The length, width, height, diameter, etc. The volume of the circular device is equal to 3.14 times the square of the radius multiplied by the height, and the length of the long device is equal to the length multiplied by the width (the median of the upper and lower widths) multiplied by the height. The diameter of the circular cellar should be calculated according to the amount of silage fed every day, generally 50-90 cm. The depth or height is determined by the length of time the silage is fed, but the general height is not less than 2 times the diameter, and it should not be larger than the diameter. 3.5 times.
Third, the production steps 1, the appropriate cut. Appropriate cutting can improve the silage production and nutrient content. Generally, the ear of corn silage is suitable for wax ripening to yellow ripening stage. The earless silage is suitable for most green leaves, the sorghum silage is suitable for wax ripening period, and the legume forage is suitable. To flowering period is appropriate, sweet potato vines before the frost is appropriate.
2, adjust the moisture content. The suitable moisture content is about 70%. The moisture content of the raw materials that are directly silaged after cutting is high (75-80%). Hay, straw, etc. can be added to reduce the moisture content. When water content is too low, water can be added (15 kg water/water). 100 kg of straw) or mixed with fresh greenish ingredients. Moisture measurement can crush the crushed raw materials into a group. If the grass group does not spread but there is little exudate, the moisture content is about 70-75%; if the grass group spreads slowly and no juice oozes out, the moisture About 60-70%; if the grass quickly spread, the moisture is less than 60%.
3, chopped. Raw materials must be chopped and chopped to facilitate compaction. At the same time, oozing of sap can promote the propagation of lactic acid bacteria. Considering rumination, it should not be too short, and it should not exceed 1.5 cm. Generally, the length of semi-dry forage silage is 0.65 cm, and the length of corn silage is 0.65. -1.3 cm. When the silage is rough, it should be cut short. When it is soft, it should be slightly longer.
4, filling and compaction. After the equipment is inspected, a 15 cm thick cleaning mat or grass powder with strong water absorption is laid on the bottom of the pit. Silage raw materials should be packed and stored along with chopping. The speed of cellaring should be faster. Raw materials should not be stored outside the cellar for long periods of time, in the sun or in the rain. At the same time, be careful not to mix clods, feces, nails and other foreign objects. Attention should be paid to compaction, compaction once every 0.5 meters or so, in particular, pay attention to the cellar around the edges and pits, long cellar in the agricultural machinery leakage pressure or pressure less than the place, we must master stepping on solid. After filling, the raw material should be about 1 meter higher than the cellar. The compaction is to discharge the air. The compaction is the key to the success or failure of silage. The raw material loading is more tight and the silage quality is better.
5, sealed. After the filling is completed, it shall be sealed and buried immediately. First, the plastic film shall be tightly closed, and then the soil shall be covered (30-50 cm thick). Finally, the heavy objects such as used tires and slate shall be pressed to make them airtight and watertight. The cellar roof should be in the shape of a hoe or ridge for drainage. If the delay is blocked, silage quality will be poor.
6, management protection. After the silo has been well sealed, precautions should be taken to prevent rainwater from seeping in. Rainy areas should be sheltered from rain in the pits. If there is a crack in the pit, it should be immediately covered with soil and compacted. It is also necessary to guard against rodents and prevent animal trampling.
Fourth, feeding methods. Silage is a high-quality, juicy feed that is eaten by livestock after a period of adaptation. At the beginning, training feeding is required. When fasting, the silage is fed first. Feeding silage at the beginning is less and gradually increasing, and then feed the fodder or mix the silage with fodder. The amount of feed should consider species, age, physiological status, feed type, etc. For cattle, corn silage can be fed more (5 kg/100 kg body weight). Gramine silage is centered (4 kg/100 kg body weight) and legume silage can be fed less (3 kg/100 kg body weight). Note that the silage should not be stored in the barn, otherwise it will affect the taste of milk.
Fifth, open the cell picking. Silage can be opened in the cellar after 40-60 days of cellar sealing. Before the cellar is opened, the cell top cover soil should be cleared first, and the round cellar should be taken from top to bottom layer by layer. The long cellar should be started from one end, and the cover soil can be cleared first. After the material is taken, it is cleaned and taken again. After opening the cellar, pay attention to drainage and identification quality. The picking should be followed by feeding, and the feeding should be done on the same day. Do not feed it for a few days. The picking surface should be smooth and the area should be as narrow as possible, but it must also be avoided. The daily reclaiming schedule shall be no less than 15 cm. After the plastic sheeting is removed, the surrounding material shall be removed. If the feeding is stopped halfway, the interval time is longer. The sealing method must be sealed according to the original method.
Sixth, quality assessment. (1) Superior silage. Yellow-green, green, sour, aromatic, soft, slightly moist. (2) Medium silage. Yellow-brown, dark green, medium or less sour, aromatic and slightly alcoholic or butyric, slightly softer or slightly more moist. (3) inferior silage. Black, brown, little sour, odor, dry loose or sticky, not feeding, to prevent livestock poisoning. (
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